Brief Description of Small Hydro Power Houses

1. Kanchauti(2 MW)
Kanchauti Power Station was commissioned in the year 1993 by the erstwhile U.P. Laghu Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd.at a cost of Rs. 508.29 Lacs with an installed capacity of 2 X 1000 KW.It is situated at a distance of about 30 kilometers from Dharchula on the road leading to Sobla and Dar. The project envisages the utilization of 0.616 cumecs discharge of the stream Kanchauti gad, a tributary of the river Dhauliganga. The available net head is 400 meters.

2. Chirkilla(1.5MW)

Chhirkila Power Station was commissioned in the year 1997 by the erstwhile U.P. Laghu Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd.at a cost of Rs. 450.90 Lacs with an installed capacity of 1500 KW (1X1000 KW + 1X500 KW).It is situated at a distance of about 25 kilometers from Dharchula on the road leading to Sobla and Dar. The project envisages the utilization of 0.68 cumecs discharge of the stream Duggu gad, a tributary of the river Dhauliganga. The available net head is 275 meters.

3. Kulagad(1.2MW)

Kulagad Power Station was commissioned in the year 1995 by the erstwhile U.P. Laghu Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd.at a cost of Rs. 375.85 Lacs, with installed capacity of 2X 600 KW. Kulagad Small Hydro project is situated at a distance of 12 Kms. from Dharchula on the Dharchula-Tawaghat motor road. The project envisages the utilization of 0.79 cumecs discharge of the stream Kulagad, a tributary of the river Kali. The available net head is 200 meter.

4. Relagad(3 MW)

Relagad Small Hydro Plant is situated in Dharchula tehsil of Pithoragarh district, about 260 Km from Tanakpur, the nearest rail head .The Scheme was identified by U.P.J.V.N.L.This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. Project was commissioned in the year 2002-03  

5. Barar(0.75MW)

Barar Small Hydro Plant is located in Pithoragarh district of the State. It can be accessed by road from the Pithoragarh – Thal road .This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The scheme was commissioned in year 1997.
6. Kotabagh(0.20MW)
The Kotabagh Small Hydro Plant is located in Nainital district of the State. It can be accessed by road from Haldwani town, which is about 17 kms away from the station. The Scheme was identified by U.P.S.E.B. This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The D.P.R. was proposed by UPSEB and revised DPR was proposed by UPJVNL after its creation. 

7. Sapteshwar(0.30MW)

Sapteshwar Small hydro Plant is located in Champawat district of the State. It can be accessed by road from the Champawat - Khetikhan road. The Scheme was identified by U.P.S.E.B. This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The scheme was commissioned in year 1994 and is supplying electricity to near by villages. 

8. Garaon(0.3MW)

This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The scheme is located on Gurghatia gad, tributary of Eastern Ram Ganga River in Pithoragarh. The nearest North-Eastern Railway railhead is 245 Kms away from the scheme area at Tanakpur and can be approached by bridle path from Jainagar on Pithoragarh –Bernag mettaled Road.This power house is supplying electricity to nearby villages and through 33 KV grid to U.P.C.L.

9. Suringad(0.80MW)

Suringad SHP is approximately 10 kms away from Munshayari Town of Distt. Pithoragh.It is situated at a distance of approximately 305 Kms from Tanakpur and 302 Kms from Kathgodam which is connected mostly metalled and partially by Kachha road. The 2 X 400 KW Suringad Small Hydro Project was commissioned in November 1986 by U.P. State Electricity Board under MNP Scheme with the objective of providing electricity to Munsiyari town and nearby areas in Pithoragarh district. This scheme generates power under a net head of 151 meter. It has two Machines of leveled capacity 400 KW each.

 The SHP was designed to run in isolation mode as grid supply was not available in that area. Originally the project was prepared in the year 1978 and work was to be completed in 3 years period. But the State Govt. sanctioned the project in the year 1980 with revised cost for installing 3 machines of 250 KW each. But due to ample availability of water it was decided to install 2 X 400 KW machine.

10. Gauri(0.20MW)
The Gauri Small Hydro Plant is about 10KM. from Champawat Distt. H.Q. This is a 40-Year-old Plant, initially plant had Commercial operation since June 1965 and re-commissioned in Nov. 1999 after RMU. The Scheme was identified by UPSEB. Transferred to UPJVNL in closed condition U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal . 

11. Taleshwar(0.6MW)

The Scheme was identified by U.P.S.E.B.This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal The scheme situated in district Pithoragarh on gad Katiyanigad a tributary of river Kaliganga at a distance of 43 Kms( 36 Kms motor raod & 7 Kms bridle road) from Pithoragarh. The nearest Northern eastern railway rail head is 193 Kms away from the scheme area at Tanakpur and can be approached upto Jhulaghat through 186 Kms motor road from Tanakpur and then to power house site through 7 Km bridle path’s .Net head of 188.80 meter is available in 2.32 Km reach of gad from the proposed weir site to the power house site. The power house was commissioned in year 2000.

12. Chharendev(0.4MW)

The Scheme was identified by U.P.S.E.B. This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. after creation of U.P.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. Chharendev small hydro project is located on Sanghri gas a tributary of Kaliganga river in Pithoragarh Distt. At a distance of 35 Kms from Pithoragarh..the nearest Northern Eastren Railway railhead is 185 Kms away from the scheme area at Tanakpur and can be approached by metalled road from Pithoragarh. The power house was commissioned in year 2001.

13. Urgam(3 MW)

The Urgam Small Hydro Electric Project is situated near Helong on river Kalpganga in Distt. Chamoli. The scheme can be approachable only by 2 km. foot track from the highway to Badrinath. It is a run off the river scheme and it harness the water and head available in Kalpganga stream (a major tributary of Alaknanda river) for generation of power. On 8/9 August, 2004 due to cloud bursting the KalpGanga river brought down heavy boulders along with it and 
changed course towards power house causing extensive damages to the switch yard and flood protection works. After renovation works this plant was made operational on 15.05.08 only repair of intake works is remaining

14. Soneprayag(0.5MW)

The Soneprayag Small Plant is situated at village Soneprayag in Tehsil Ukhimath of Distt. Rudraprayag about 70 km. from Rudraprayag on Rishikesh Kedarnath road The Scheme was identified by UJVNL.U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The scheme situated in district Rudraprayag and supply electricity near by villages

15. Tharali(0.4 MW)

The Tharali Small Hydro Plant is located about 48 Km. from Karanprayag on Karanprayag-Gwaladom road in block Tharali of Distt. Chamoli. It is reachable through 1 km foot track and about 205 Km from Rishikesh, the nearest rail headThe Scheme was identified by UPSEB.U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The scheme situated in district Chamoli and supply electricity near by villages. Project commissioned in year March 1989 and put up commercial load on May 1989.At the time of handing over to UJVNL closed since 1994.  

16. Tilwara(0.2MW)

The Tilwara Small Hydro Plant is located on Rishikesh- Kedarnath road, about 9 KM from Rudraprayag. The Scheme was identified by UPSEB.U.P.J.V.N.L handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal. The scheme situated in district Chamoli and supply electricity near by villages. This SHP was commissioned in year May 1966 and was closed in year 1990 however restarted by UJVNL in year 2003-04.  

17. Bardinath (1.25MW)

The Badrinath Small Hydro Plant situated at a height of more then 10000 ft. in Shri Badrinath Dham. The plant remains closed since Nov. to mid May every year due to closure of Shri. Badrinath shrine The Scheme was identified by UPJVNL.U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal.DPR was prepared by UPJVNL.This project was commissioned in year 2004

18. Tapovan(0.80MW)

Tapovan S.H.P. having an installed capacity of 2 X 400 KW was developed by UP state electricity board in Dhak Gadhera a tributary of river Dhauliganga on Joshimath-Malari road in district Chamoli. The power house was connected with main road through a motorable road. The power house envisages utilization of 0.41 cumecs discharge and gross head of 293.5 M (Net head 274M) for generation of 800 KW hydroelectric power. Two machines each of 400 KW have been 
installed in power house. The power house was commissioned in 1988 and remained operational for few years. However power house became un-operational in 1995 due to major damage in power channel in slip zone but Unit No.1 is in running condition now days

19. Jummagad (1.2 MW)

The Jummagad small hydro project scheme is located near village Jumma in Chamoli Distt, which is a remote and undeveloped hilly region. Village Jumma is situated at 46 kms from Joshimath on Joshimath-Malari road and the nearest rail head is Rishikesh which is 312 Kms away. The scheme envisages utilization of 1.068 cumecs of discharge available at 75% dependability of Jummgad stream major tributary of Dhauliganga River under a net head of 143.50 meter. The project was under construction since 1991-92 and it has been put in commercial loading on 19.05.08

20. Harsil(0.2MW)

The Harsil Small Hydro Plant is situated about 75 Km. from Uttarkashi on Uttarkashi-Gangotri road about 2 Km from Harsil Township through foot track The Scheme was identified by UPSEB.This scheme was transferred to U.P. J.V.N.L. in running condition and then to U.J.V.N.L. U.P.J.V.N.L. handed over this scheme to U.J.V.N.L. after formation of Uttaranchal.The project was commissioned in year 1976 

21. Pilangad(2.25 MW)

Pilangad Small Hydro Project (2 x 1125 KW) was developed by U P Jal vidyut Nigam in district Uttarkashi. The scheme is located on Pilangad a tributary of River Bhagirathi at about 25 Kms from District Uttarkashi on Rishikesh-Gangotri National highway. Rishikesh the nearest railhead is about 200 Km. from the project. The Powerhouse is approachable from the metalled road through 1 Km. long bridle path. The Project was designed to use 2.75 cumec of discharges and 100 m of available head to generate 2250 kW of power. Pilangad SHP is under operation and is Well Synchronized with 33 KV available grid. The scheme was commissioned in 2004

22. Gangori(0.8 MW)

Gangori Mini Hydel Project (4x200 KW) was developed by erstwhile UP Electricity Board with a purpose of providing reliable source of power to Uttarkashi, the headquarter of this boarder district. The scheme is situated on Rishikesh-Gangotri highway at 155 Km from Rishikesh, the nearest rail head. Uttarkashi is the nearest is at about 4 Km downhill of the project. The installed capacity of the scheme is 800 KW (4x200 KW) and is designed to utilize 0.97 cumec of discharge and available head of 97 meter on Asiganga, a tributary of Bhagirathi. The scheme was developed in three phases. First unit of 200 KW was commissioned in March 1966, next two units were commissioned in July 1966 and last unit of 200 KW was added in March, 1987.Presently renovation works for Civil & E & M works shall are being carried out , the power house shall be commissioning in 09-10

Negative impact of Grid Voltage and Frequency fluctuation

 


The basic equations describing the voltage and current in a single phase are

e(t) = 2E(t) cos[ωt +δ (t)] and
i(t) = 2I (t) cos([ωt +δ (t) +ϕ (t)],

where 2E and 2I represent the peak values of voltage and current, ω is frequency in radians per second, δ (t) is the reference angle in radians, and ϕ (t) is the power factor angle.

The instantaneous power is defined as

P(t) = e(t)i(t) = E(t)I (t) cosϕ (t){1+ cos 2[ωt +δ (t)]}+ E(t)I (t)sinϕ (t){1+ 2[ωt +δ (t)]}

A small change in the value of ω will impact the voltage of the generation and thus the power negatively. A typical voltage and frequency variation during a day is shown in figure.

A slight change in Grid frequency can play havoc in a isolated grid system. Broadly, Off-nominal frequency can impact reliability and markets efficiency in four ways.

1. It could damage equipment (generation, transmission, or load).
2. It could degrade the quality of the product being delivered to end users (too low and lights would flicker unacceptably, for example).
3. It could result in the collapse of the power system itself (by triggering protective system actions, for example).
4. It could result in overloading transmission lines as various generators try to restore system frequency impacting markets efficiency.

A slight change in Grid frequency can play havoc in a isolated grid system. Broadly, Off-nominal frequency can impact reliability and markets efficiency in four ways.

1. It could damage equipment (generation, transmission, or load).
2. It could degrade the quality of the product being delivered to end users (too low and lights would flicker unacceptably, for example).
3. It could result in the collapse of the power system itself (by triggering protective system actions, for example).
4. It could result in overloading transmission lines as various generators try to restore system frequency impacting markets efficiency.

UJVNL upcoming hydro electric power plants

The following table provides an account of the LHP plants under construction. Presently UJVNL intends to commission these projects by 2016.

The projects have a generation potential of 8816.73 MU when commissioned. This is approximately twice the present generation of UJVNL’s LHP plants. The combined generation of UJVNL’s plants will also be in significant excess of the projected energy requirements of UPCL, the distribution licensee in the State, leaving considerable export surplus in the State, particularly considering the free power allocations to the State from other hydro stations within the State and thermal energy entitlements from CPSU units elsewhere. 

Human waste to power US city

Printed from

The Times of India -11 Sep 2008, 0006 hrs IST,AGENCIES

================

SAN ANTONIO: The city of San Antonio unveiled a deal that will make it the first US city to harvest methane gas from human waste on a commercial scale and turn it into clean-burning fuel. San Antonio residents produce about 140,000 tons a year of a substance gently referred to as "biosolids", which can be reprocessed into natural gas, said Steve Clouse, chief operating officer of the city's water system. "You may call it something else," Clouse said, but for area utilities, the main byproduct of human waste - methane gas - will soon be converted into natural gas to burn in their power plants.

The city approved a deal on Tuesday where Massachusetts-based Ameresco Inc will convert the city's biosolids into natural gas, which could generate about 1.5 million cubic feet per day, he said.
Methane gas, which is a byproduct of human and organic waste, is a principal component of the natural gas used to fuel furnaces, power plants, and other combustion-based generators.
"The private vendor will come onto the facility, construct some gas cleaning systems, remove the moisture, remove the carbon dioxide content, and then sell that gas on the open market," Clouse said. The gas will be sold to power generators, he said. Some communities are using methane gas harvested from solid waste to power smaller facilities like sewage treatment plants, but San Antonio is the first to see large-scale conversion of methane gas from sewage into fuel for power generation, he said. Following the agreement, more than 90 percent of materials flushed down the toilets and sinks of San Antonio will be recycled, he said. Liquid is now used for irrigation, many of the solids are made into compost, and now the methane gas will be recycled for power generation. This is not the sole example where people are using human waste, farmers facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs in developing countries are using raw sewage to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report.

While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are eclipsed by the social and economicgains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food, the study authors say.Nearly 200 million farmers in China, India, Vietnam, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America harvest grains and vegetables from fields that use untreated human waste. Ten per cent of the world's population relies on such foods, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). "There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study published by the Sri Lanka-based International Water Management Institute and released this week at the World Water Week conference in Stockholm, Sweden.

The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers.

Type of Power Plant

Broadly, Power plant loads can be categories into two categories.
1. Base load power plant
2. Peak load power plant

Base load is the minimum amount of power that power producer must make available to its commercial and industrial customers. Base load power plant is an energy plant devoted to the production of base load supply. Base load power plant are the power plant used to meet some or all of given region continuous energy demand and produce energy at a constant rate, usually at low cost relative to other production facilities available to the system. Base load power plant can be categories as below.
1. Coal fired power plant
2. Nuclear power plant
3. Geothermal power plant
4. Waste to energy power plant
5. Biomass power plant

These base load power plant may take many hours, if not days, to achieve a steady power output. On the other hand, they have low fuel costs. Because they require long time to heat up to the operating temperature, these kind of power plant are best suited to handle large amount of continuous base load demand. Coal fired power plants are cycled over the day to meet the demand at a particular time of the day, while output Nuclear power plants run at their peak load generation capacity except at the time of maintenance, refueling etc.

Broadly, Base load power plant do not change their output according to the demand curve since it is economical for them to keep running at a constant output. Therefore, typically these kinds of power plants are large and provide a majority of power used by a grid.

Peak load is define as surge in demand at a particular time period during day. Peak load generally occur during 5 to 10 PM when people return home from offices and switch on the home appliances i.e TV, Air Conditioners, cooking appliances etc. A peak load power plant, also known as Peaker plant, is power plant that generally runs when demand in the Grid system is high. 

Peak load power plants are generally gas based turbine power plants that burn natural gas. Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases to directly operate the turbine. Natural gas based power plant can start production of power in a quick time. But the cost involve in these kind of power plant are on higher side of economy. For example, erstwhile Enron company started the work on Enron Dabhol Power Plant (2000-2400MW as MoU signed between Maharashthra Government And Enron) in year 1992 which was fueled by Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG). The cost of the project was exorbitant $3.1 billion in year 1992. Although the official figure was not disclosed by the MSEB, a 10% partner of power plant, it was perceived to be Rs. 8-10 per unit. With such a high rate of generation of power, power plant was very unviable economically. 

Pumped Storage Plant scheme in India

There is vast number if pumped storage power plant are running in the world. Few of Indian Pumped Storage Plants is as following:

Bhira, Maharashtra, 150 MW 
Kadamparai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 400 MW (4 x 100 MW) 
Nagarjuna Sagar PH, Andhra Pradesh, 810 MW (1 x 110 MW + 7 x 100 MW) 
Purulia Pumped Storage Project, Ayodhya Hills, Purulia, West Bengal, 900 MW 
Srisailam Left Bank PH, Andhra Pradesh, 900 MW (6 x 150 MW) 
Tehri Dam, Uttranchal , 1,000 MW 

Indian Power Scenario And Hydro Power

“A $ 1.7 billion average increase in electricity costs is estimated to result in a $ 1.3 billion decrease in personal income and a loss of 13,000 more jobs in the region.”
-Greg Walden
United States Congressman

Mr. Walden statement show the enormity of important of power in human life. A small shift in electricity cost will effect human life tremendously leading to survival of the employed citizen. Just imagine negative impact, the power deficit may be causing on the economic of a country and generation of jobs to its citizens.

Indian power sector has made progress by leap and bound. Since independence in harnessing resources for generation of power in whatever way possible. However, due to various constant, the demands always over stepped the power, resulting into power shortages in past several years.

In the pursuit of “Power for all by 2012”,Govt. of India, in 11th five year plan, has planned a capacity addition of 78.577 MW. And 82,200 Mw during 12th five year plan

Capacity addition in 11th five year plan

Thermal 59,693 MW 
Hydro 15,627 MW 
Nuclear 3,380 MW 
Renewables 14,000 MW 
Capacity addition in 12th five year plan

Thermal 40,000 MW 
Hydro 30,000 Mw 
Nuclear 12,200 MW 
As per data from CEA website, by 31,March 2009, the total installed capacity was 1,47,965.41MW.

India has been experiencing treacherous electricity deficit of 11% in spite of appreciable growth in electricity generation. By March, 2009 the total Peak demand was 109,809 MW and deficit was 12%. The demand of electrical energy is growing at very faster rate and shall increase at higher growth rate to match with the projected industrial and rural growth projection of Indian economy.

A FICCI- Crisil study, titled “Indian Power Sector”. Holistic capacity building, says that country’s economic growth runs a risk of being derailed if urgent steps are not initiated in a concrete way to overcome the deficit. According to report country is facing nearly 2 million trained man power to electricity sector during 11th and 12th plan periods. To meet man power requirement the study says the century would require creation of more Industrial Training Institute (ITIs), other specialized training and carrying cut national wide specialized training program for generation including training program on IT enable applications.